Monday, March 2, 2009

Red Elder

By Julian Preston

The Duke of Argyll's tea tree is a thorny shrub, 1-2 m in height, with long, drooping pale grey shoots. Older twigs have short side twigs terminated by a thorn. The small buds are borne on broad, peg-like projections.

The purplish flowers appear in succession from May to June and the fruits ripen in September. The berries contain a large number of lentil-like seeds about 2 mm across. The plant is readily propagated by means of seeds or division as well as summer and winter cuttings.

This shrub is widespread in southern Europe, where it grows mostly in the coastal areas on dry banks. In central and western Europe it is planted for its foliage and to prevent erosion on dry, steep banks. It does very well in dry sites and in warmer regions is sufficiently frost-resistant. It multiplies by producing root suckers. The fruits arc eaten by birds and the seeds dispersed by them over a wide area so that in central and western Europe it is frequently naturalized.

Forsythia is a broad shrub with arching pendent branches reaching a height of 3 m. The shoots appear four-angled and arc hollow. The elliptical buds are opposite. The golden yellow flowers appear in March and April before the leaves unfold. The capsules ripen and split to release the small winged seeds in September.

This shrub is a native of northern and central China, where it grows on mountain slopes, and was introduced into the parks and gardens of western and central Europe almost 150 years ago. It is very popular for the abundance and brightness of its blooms as well as for its early flowering season. It is planted either as a solitary specimen, in groups or as a border plant alongside paths. It requires full sun if it is to bear a rich profusion of flowers and is moderate in its demands on soil moisture.

It can thrive in heavy shade and thus is often found growing also in forest stands, where it frequently becomes a weed difficult to eradicate. It grows rapidly on moist, rich soils, sprouts readily from stumps and multiplies from the seed which is dispersed by birds. At one time it was extensively planted alongside country dwellings, and its flowers, fruits and seeds were used as drugs for home remedies.

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